Inside characterizing dialectic, Engels typed: “Fundamental guidelines: conversion regarding quantity and you will top quality-mutual penetration away from polar opposites and you will conversion into the each other when sent in order to extremes; creativity compliment of paradox, or negation regarding negation; [and] the new spiral sorts of advancement” (Dialektika prirody, 1969, p
Pre-Marxist dialectic for this reason created an over-all to-be away from number, characteristics, community, and you can head (noticed in Greek natural philosophy); a getting of these agencies in the form of logical groups (Platonism, Hegel); the training of best inquiries and you may responses and of conflict (Socrates, brand new Stoics); a problem of becoming and its own substitute for by the a distinct and you may unknowable mutliplicity (Zeno away from Elea); the fresh philosophy out-of realistically emerging, probable maxims, judgments, and you may findings (Aristotle): the brand new clinical depletion of all illusions off person need, and that inconsistently aims on the an outright wholeness and therefore disintegrates to your contradictions (Kant); the new subjectivist (Fichte), objectivist (Schelling), and you can absolutist (Hegel) values of your spirit (Geist), while the shown on the become regarding kinds.
G. Belinskii, A. We. Herzen, and you will N. G. Chernyshevskii approached a good materialist dialectic. In contrast to Hegel, they derived vanguard conclusions in the info regarding endless action and you can development: for them dialectic try new “algebra regarding wave” (pick An effective. soch. vol. 9, 1956, p. 23). Bourgeois viewpoints just after Hegel turned off the success on part of dialectic that were achieved in the values. Hegels dialectic is refuted by several philosophers once the “sophistry,” an “error into the reason,” as well as a good “infected perversion out-of notice” (Roentgen. Haym, A beneficial. Trendelenburg, and you can Elizabeth. von Hartmann). On the Neo-Kantianism of your own Marburg School (H. Cohen, P. Natorp) the fresh dialectic off “conceptual info” are changed because of the “reasoning of the statistical thought of means,” and therefore triggered a good negation of one’s notion of material and to help you “bodily idealism.” Neo-Hegelianism visited the latest so-titled negative dialectic, asserting that the contradictions shown in rules attest into nonreality, otherwise “seemingness,” of the things. The new unity from opposites is actually replaced of the a great unity from coexisting, secondary issues in the interests of reaching a consolidation of real information (F. Bradley). Dialectic plus came up once the a mixing out of opposites, with the help of absolute intuition (B. Croce, Roentgen. Kroner, and i. A great. Ilin). H. Bergson complex a request into the unreasonable and strictly instinctual consolidating of opposites, a combo becoming addressed while the good “wonders.” Within the existentialism (K. Jaspers, J. P. Sartre) the latest dialectic try know relativistically, while the an around options design of consciousness. Nature is considered as this new sphere of “positivist need,” whereas community known by means of “dialectical need,” and therefore derives its beliefs off peoples consciousness as well as the personal simple skills off humans. Most other existentialists (Grams. Marcel, M. Buber) dump dialectic theologically, just like the a system off issues and responses between understanding being. Records out of a terrible dialectic designed since a complete denial out of fact and not leading to a different sort of synthesis have been designed from the T. Adorno and you will H. bbwdatefinder Marcuse.
A continuously materialist translation from dialectic try provided with K. Marx and you will F. Engels, the newest founders of philosophy away from dialectical materialism. Immediately after vitally going over new profits regarding before dialectic, Marx and Engels applied their doctrine towards reworking regarding philosophy, governmental savings, and you may record also to the origin from a policy and you can programs toward experts movement. V. I. Lenin made a fantastic sum towards the growth of materialist dialectic. The newest classics out-of Marxism-Leninism respect materialist dialectic once the philosophy away from universal interconnections and you can the essential general statutes out of development of becoming and thought.
I. Herzen, Sobr
Materialist dialectic try shown inside a network out of kinds and statutes. 1). The law of your own unity and dispute regarding opposites occupies a beneficial special put among all rules of your dialectic; Lenin titled it the newest central center of dialectic.