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significance of female characters. Despite the great differences in culture between the two small European nations of Scotland and Catalonia, this comparative study of their reception of the Matter of Britain through the medium of French literature will turn up surprising correspondences. It provides us with a useful perspective on the methodology of the Scottish adaptations and helps us esatto understand how and why both traditions change the thematic focus of French romances within their historical contexts. First we must examine the Arthurian tradition con Scotland, and, because it is less well known, the whole cultural context of the romances sopra Catalonia. Mediante Scotland, the two surviving Arthurian texts per Middle Scots – Golagros and Gawane and Lancelot of the Laik – were composed during the fifteenth century. 4 The fact that these two works were written in the specific political and historical context of the century after the Wars of Independence, when the figure of King Arthur had been reshaped by the kings of England sicuro accommodate their claims over Scotland, bivalent attitude towards the legendary monarch.5 While politically he is a very problematic character, con literary terms he is still one of the major heroes of late medieval romance, deployed as per speculum principis as con most European literatures.6 The fact that the first successors of the much-praised Rotoplot I – David II and Lolo II – were rather weak sovereigns might explain why later Scottish literature shows such per developed interest con discussions of good kingship. When the Scottish makars adapt passages from the extensive French romances Lancelot do Lac and the First Continuation of Perceval, indivis elements, which con the original works are important but not essential developments of the plot, become central. Each poet selects passages mediante which the nature of kingship and the independence of verso king’s territories could be debated, and this approach generates tensions absent from the French texts. Per Catalonia, Arthurian romances were composed per verso courtly milieu. Four Catalan and Occitan texts have survived durante their entirety: the Occitan Jaufre (c. 1170 – c. 1225), Blandin de Cornualla (late thirteenth or early fourteenth century), Guillem de Torroella’s Faula (c. 1370–1375) and the Catalan translation of the French Queste, the Questa del Sant Grasal (1380). Mossen Gras’s Tragedia de Lancalot (late fifteenth century) is partially preserved; it lacks its ending.7 Apart
The former is written per Occitan but dedicated to the king of Aragon and count of Barcelona
The Old Icelandic Karlamagnus Favola provides evidence for the existence of at least one lost romance in Scots, which implies the existence of others. Mediante the Prologue esatto Olif and Landres, the author claims that: ‘Nobile Bjarni Erlingsson of Bjarkey found this saga written and told sopra the English language, con Scotland, when he stayed there during the winter after the death of King Alexander.’ Karlamagnus Mito: The Saga of Charlemagne and his Heroes, trans. Hieatt (Toronto, 1975), p. 178. On Scottish chroniclers’ response sicuro Arthur, see Wood. ‘Where Does Britain End?’ and Royan, ‘The Fine Art of Faint Praise’, above. On Scottish literary responses, see additionally Archibald, ‘Lancelot of the Laik’, and Purdie, ‘The Search for Scottishness’, above. The Roman de Fergus, whose Scottishness is too complicated puro examine here, was written per verso completely different historical context with very different literary intentions. See Hunt, ‘The Roman de Fergus’, above. The two problematic texts are Jaufre and Blandin de Cornualla. Although arguments have been
from these works, it is known from several scattered folios and allusions per historical records that there also existed translations of the prose Tristan and of all the books that comprise the Arthurian Vulgate.8 Owing puro geographical and cultural proximity, the French romances on the Matter of Britain were circulating sopra Catalonia as early as the last third of the twelfth century.9 Nevertheless, this did not result durante verso mimetic redaction of the French tradition. Like the Scottish works, the Catalan texts can be regarded as autochthonous approaches to the Arthurian tradition.10 By the tenth and eleventh centuries, after the recovery of the Catalunya vella (Old Catalonia), the courts of Catalan counts and the monasteries became centres of cultural activity.11 This picture is characteristic of many European realms of the time. What makes Catalan tradition unique among the other romance literatures is the linguistic division between verse and prose. While the prose works, both literary and non-literary, were written sopra Catalan from an early tirocinio, poetic texts, either short lyric pieces or narrative romances, were composed durante Occitan or per an occitanized Catalan up to https://datingranking.net/it/adultspace-review/ the fifteenth century.12 The proximity with Provence was not only geographical, but also political and cultural.13 Historically, the on Berenguer III and Dolca of Provence